Beneath every healthy tree is a complex, living network of roots that serve critical functions—from structural support to water and nutrient absorption. Yet, tree root systems are often misunderstood, especially in urban and residential settings.
In this post, we’ll explore the technical side of tree roots, including their types, behaviors, and challenges they pose in developed environments.
🔍 Types of Tree Roots
Tree root systems generally fall into two major categories:
- Taproot Systems
- A primary root grows downward, anchoring the tree and accessing deep water.
- Common in oaks and pines during early stages.
- Fibrous Root Systems (Lateral Roots)
- A dense network of shallow roots spreading horizontally.
- Found in maples, elms, and many urban trees.
📝 Fact: Over 90% of tree roots are found in the top 18 inches of soil, not deep underground as many people believe.
🧠 Functions of Tree Roots
- Anchorage – Stabilizes the tree against wind and erosion.
- Absorption – Uptakes water and minerals through root hairs.
- Storage – Stores energy reserves like carbohydrates.
- Communication – Interacts with soil microbes and other trees via mycorrhizal networks (“Wood Wide Web”).
🏙️ Urban Challenges for Tree Roots
Urban settings pose unique stresses for root systems:
- Soil Compaction – From foot traffic or construction reduces oxygen availability.
- Restricted Root Zones – Limited space near sidewalks and buildings stunts growth.
- Poor Drainage – Can lead to root rot and fungal infections.
- Root Conflicts – Roots damage pavements, foundations, or underground utilities.
🧪 Diagnosing Root Problems
Certified arborists often use tools like:
- Resistograph or Sonic Tomography – To detect internal decay.
- Air Spading – To expose root systems without damaging them.
- Soil Sampling – To analyze pH, nutrient levels, and compaction.
🌱 Best Practices for Root Health
- Mulch Properly – 2–4 inches of organic mulch around the base (not touching the trunk).
- Avoid Overwatering – Roots need oxygen; too much water displaces it.
- Tree-Friendly Construction – Use root barriers and allow enough rooting space.
- Regular Inspections – Annual arborist checks can detect early root stress.
Conclusion
Understanding tree roots is essential for maintaining safe, healthy trees in both natural and developed environments. Whether you’re planning a landscape project or managing existing trees, being informed about root structure and function can help prevent costly mistakes.
Need a root assessment or tree consultation in Halifax?
Tree Works Ltd. offers detailed evaluations and root zone protection services. Contact us today to schedule an expert site visit.
